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Special drawing rights (XDR or SDR) are supplementary foreign exchange reserve assets defined and maintained by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Their value is based on a basket of key international currencies reviewed by IMF every five years.〔http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2010/pr10434.htm〕 Based on the review conducted on December 30, 2010, the XDR basket consists of the following four currencies: U.S. dollars ($) 41.9%, euro (€) 37.4%, pounds sterling (£) 11.3%, and Japanese yen (¥) 9.4% 〔https://www.imf.org/external/np/tre/sdr/sdrbasket.htm〕 In the review conducted on November 30, 2015, the IMF decided that the Renminbi (Chinese Yuan (¥) 10.92%) will be added to the basket effective October 1, 2016.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Press release )〕 The weights assigned to each currency in the XDR basket are adjusted to take into account their current prominence in terms of international trade and national foreign exchange reserves.〔 The XDR is not a currency ''per se''. They instead represent a claim to currency held by IMF member countries for which they may be exchanged.〔 As they can only be exchanged for U.S. dollars ($), euro (€), pounds sterling (£), or Japanese yen (¥),〔 XDRs may actually represent a potential claim on IMF member countries' nongold foreign exchange reserves, which are usually held in those currencies. While they may appear to have a far more important part to play or, perhaps, an important future role, being the unit of account for the IMF has long been the main function of the XDR.〔 The XDR was created in 1969 to supplement a shortfall of preferred foreign exchange reserve assets, namely gold and the U.S. dollar. Special Drawing Rights are denoted with the ISO 4217 currency code XDR. XDRs are allocated to countries by the IMF.〔 Private parties do not hold or use them.〔 The amount of XDRs in existence was around XDR 21.4 billion in August 2009. During the global financial crisis of 2009, an additional XDR 182.6 billion were allocated to "provide liquidity to the global economic system and supplement member countries’ official reserves". By October 2014, the amount of XDRs in existence was XDR 204 billion. ==Name== While the ISO 4217 currency code for Special Drawing Rights is XDR,〔 they are often referred to by their acronym SDR. Both refer to the name "Special Drawing Rights". Intentionally innocuous and free of connotations due to disagreements over the nature of this new reserve asset during its creation, the name derives from a debate about its primary function—money or credit.〔 While the name would offend neither side, it can be argued that prior to 1981 the XDR was a debt security and so a form of credit. Member countries receiving XDR allocations were required by the reconstitution provision of the XDR articles to hold a prescribed number of XDRs. If a state used any of its allotment, it was expected to rebuild its XDR holdings. As the reconstitution provisions were abrogated in 1981, the XDR now functions less like credit than previously.〔 Countries are still expected to maintain their XDR holdings at a certain level, but penalties for holding fewer than the allocated amount are now less onerous.〔 The name may actually derive from an early proposal for IMF "reserve drawing rights".〔 The word "reserve" was later replaced with "special" because the idea that the IMF was creating a foreign exchange reserve asset was contentious.〔 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Special drawing rights」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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